However even 19 million tons pa still only represents 1.7% of global steel production, and remains inferior to the production of countries like Brazil.[51]. However, Morocco remained under the rule of the Zenata Wattasid dynasty, which was succeeded by the Saadi dynasty in the 16th to 17th centuries. Perfect your pronunciation of the Arabic holidays using our voice recognition tool. The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border and rallied popular support. A period of decentralization ensued, characterized by a return to customary and religious law in many areas as well as the establishment of autonomous regional governments in the northern part of the country. The war began when Iraq invaded Iran, launching a simultaneous invasion by air and land into Iranian territory on 22 September 1980 following a long history of border disputes, and fears of Shia Islam insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority influenced by the Iranian Revolution. [38], Rapists are often treated leniently or acquitted in the Arab region if they marry their victims. 2 . - WorldAtlas The Middle East is also the heart of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which are three of the world’s major religions. The modern borders of Egypt, therefore, are not a creation of European powers, and are at least in part based on historically definable entities which are in turn based on certain cultural and ethnic identifications. Several states have declared Arabic to be an official or national language, although Arabic is not as widely spoken there. The war continued in low intensity throughout the 1980s, though Morocco made several attempts to take the upper hand in 1989–1991. Somalia has two official languages, Arabic and Somali, both of which belong to the larger Afro-Asiatic language family. Even in those countries, Arabic is fairly common as a second language; in Israel, Arabic is a second official language. Think about the cultural diversity of these Muslims all over the world, from Indonesia to Senegal, from Boston to Bangladesh, from Syria to Germany. Millions of Orthodox Christians worldwide, including about six million in North America, observe Easter, also known as Later and current Arab Nationalist leaders include Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya, Hafez al-Assad and Bashar al-Assad of Syria. The show’s attempt to show the human side of the great suffering endured by Middle Eastern Jewry has aroused harsh criticism in the Arab world, mainly because of its alleged attempt to promote the trend of tatbia (normalization with Israel). Actually, statistics show that up to 70% of Middle Eastern people living in the U.S. are of the Christian faith. Arab is an ethno-linguistic category, identifying people who speak the Arabic language as their mother tongue (or, in the case of immigrants, for example, whose parents or grandparents spoke Arabic as their native language). Yet the same maps often include Iran, Afghanistan and sometimes even Pakistan – countries with different languages, some shared history and some very different cultural and historical bases. Spain still maintains two small enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla (called "Morocco Espanol"), along the otherwise Moroccan coast. Finally, it helps to strengthen the sharing of cultures between Arab countries and other nations of the world. The eastern part of the Arab world is called the Mashriq. It is the official language in 26 countries, and one of the six official languages of the United Nations. The Lebanese Civil War was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon, lasting from 1975 to 1990 and resulting in an estimated 120,000 fatalities. Time: 1 class period Level: Grades 6-12 Materials: internet connection and projector or prepared powerpoint with maps of the Middle East such as those below Outcomes: Students will be able to discuss the characteristics of a geographical region, and to list characteristics of the Middle East that define it as a region. However, the basic geography of sea, desert and mountain provides the enduring natural boundaries for this region. The Arabic-speaking countries of North Africa, including Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, are not in Asia. Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia joined a multinational coalition that opposed Iraq. When you listed the countries that fit your definition, how many countries did you include? What is the Middle East? [24], Similarly, Djibouti has two official languages, Arabic and French. There are also minority Muslim communities in countries across the world, from China to Western Europe to Canada and the United States. This dialect is most usefull in countries like Syria, Lebanon, Jordon, and Palestine. A chain of events leading to the destabilization of the authoritarian regimes established during the 1950s throughout the Arab world became apparent during the early years of the 21st century. The Arab League is a regional organisation that aims (among other things) to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries and sets out the following definition of an Arab: An Arab is a person whose language is Arabic, who lives in an Arabic country, and who is in sympathy with the aspirations of the Arabic people. Different forms of government are represented in the Arab World: Some of the countries are monarchies: Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. In fact, the country with the most Muslims is Indonesia in Southeast Asia (202.9 million Muslims), and the largest regional concentration of Muslims is in the South Asian countries of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, with nearly half a billion Muslims. Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor, Bechtold, Peter R (1991). Hence the east- and especially southeast-coast boundary of Arab Africa has historically been a gateway for maritime trade and cultural exchange with both East Africa and the subcontinent. In 2006, the TFG, assisted by Ethiopian troops, assumed control of most of the nation's southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The Arab League's main goal is to unify politically the Arab populations so defined. The Iran–Iraq War (also known as the First Gulf War and by various other names) was an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the second longest conventional war of the 20th century. Arabs constitute around one quarter of the 1.5 billion Muslims in the Islamic world.[32]. Pan-Arabism has mostly been abandoned as an ideology since the 1980s, and was replaced by Pan-Islamism on one hand, and individual nationalisms on the other. Arab Christians Partake in Easter Traditions Around the World In 2020, the cultural capital of the Middle East is Bethlehem, Palestine and in 2021 it will be Irbid, Jordan followed by Kuwait and Tripoli in 2022 and 2023, respectively. . Most current maps leave them out of the Middle East, except for Egypt, despite a long shared history and many cultural similarities with other Arab countries. Historian Jim Crow, of Newcastle University, has said: Without that imperial carve-up, Iraq would not be in the state it is in today...Gertrude Bell was one of two or three Britons who were instrumental in the creation of the Arab states in the Middle East that were favourable to Britain. The coast turns briefly but sharply south at Tunisia, slopes more gently southeastward through the Libyan capital of Tripoli, and bumps north through Libya's second city, Benghazi, before turning straight east again through Egypt's second city, Alexandria, at the mouth of the Nile. Smaller ethno-religious minorities across the Arab League include the Yezidis, Yarsan and Shabaks (mainly in Iraq), the Druzes (mainly in Syria and also in Lebanon, Jordan) and Mandaeans (in Iraq). The “Middle East” is a term describing a region, or a geographical area sharing certain characteristics as opposed to areas like West Asia or North Africa, which define a relatively clear geographical location by reference to broadly accepted continental borders. In 1975, Moroccan government organized the Green March of some 350,000 Moroccan citizens, escorted by around 20,000 troops, who entered Western Sahara, trying to establish Moroccan presence. In this free lesson, you'll learn several important Arabic holidays. The pizza of the Arabic world, manakeesh is a round bread sprinkled with either cheese, ground meat or herbs (zaatar). Malta, an island country in Southern Europe whose national language also derives from Arabic (through Sicilian Arabic), is not included in the region. This region stretched from the south of Basra along the Persian Gulf coast and included the regions of Bahrain, Kuwait, al-Hasa, Qatif, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, and Northern Oman.The entire coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as "Bahrain" for ten centuries. What are the defining characteristics of the Middle East? Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Middle East, followed by various Iranian peoples and then by Turkic speaking groups (Turkish, Azeris, and Iraqi Turkmen). Frishkopf: 61: "No universally accepted definition of 'the Arab world' exists, but it is generally assumed to include the twenty-two countries belonging to the Arab League that have a combined population of about 280 million (Seib 2005, 604). Non-Arab muslims would include many Iranian and Turkish people, who do not form part of the Arab world, but rather, the Muslim world. By Habeeb Salloum Issue #135 • May/June, 2012 Arabs, the majority people in the Middle East, eat bread with every meal. To answer “Who is Middle Eastern?” we must ask ourselves “What is the Middle East?” The Middle East itself is not a fixed term. What’s the Difference?! For the states and territories constituting the Arab world, see definition above. It began in 1991, when a coalition of clan-based armed opposition groups ousted the nation's long-standing military government. This has made the idea of a pan-Arab nation-state increasingly less feasible and likely. Coptic, Maronite and Assyrian Christian enclaves exist in the Nile Valley, Levant and northern Iraq respectively. Read about Orthodox Easter Day around the world in 2021. Historically the 4,000-kilometer Mediterranean boundary has fluttered. Have each group list the requirements for countries to be included in the Middle East, and then create a country list of states that “fit” that definition. General information. Similarly, the 2011 Freedom House report classifies the Comoros and Mauritania as "electoral democracies",[46] Lebanon, Kuwait and Morocco as "partly free", and all other Arab states as "not free". There are also Christian adherents in the Arab world, particularly in Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, and Palestine. Many Orthodox churches base their [12][13] Students will be able to analyze maps as constructed documents and make educated assumptions about the point of view of makers of Middle East maps. The 2016 Democracy Index classifies Lebanon, Iraq and Palestine as "hybrid regimes", Tunisia as a "flawed democracy" and all other Arab states as "authoritarian regimes". European ethnic groups that form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians (including Kabardians), Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Fran… As Christians across the world begin to celebrate the Easter Triduum of Holy Thursday, Good Friday and Easter, The Pillar spoke to a priest in the Holy Land about celebrating the Resurrection in the place where it actually happened. The definition of Muslim varies depending on which criteria you use. 37% of Arab women experienced violence in their lifetime but the numbers may be higher according to indicators. What countries did groups differ on? Ibadi Islam is practiced in Oman, where Ibadis constitute around 75% of Muslims. One interesting note is that the concept of the Middle East has been adopted in most of the languages of the region themselves: in Arabic, the region is referred to as al-sharq al-awsat, in Turkish as orta dogu, in Persian as khavarmiyaheh and in Hebrew as mizrach tichon. Its a real meeting between Arabic and European culture. In post-classical history, the Arab world was synonymous with the historic Arab empires and caliphates. The Arabic language is spoken in North Africa, and the Arabian peninsula. Darija is spoken and, to various extents, mutually understood in the Maghreb countries, especially Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, but it is unintelligible to speakers of other Arabic dialects, mainly for those in Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. Arab Africa's boundary to the north is again a continental boundary, the Mediterranean Sea. Students will be able …, Materials: internet connection and projector or prepared powerpoint with maps of the Middle East such as those below. You may also like. [54] By grouping all the latest GDP figures, the total Arab world GDP is estimated to be worth at least $2.8 trillion in 2011. The Al-Saud had been in exile in Ottoman Iraq since 1893 following the disintegration of the Second Saudi State and the rise of Jebel Shammar under the Al Rashid clan. Islamic festivals or the holidays are celebrated according to Islamic calendar. The Middle East consists of approximately 20 countries, with many different religions and a variety of ethnic and linguistic groups. It is mainly oriented along an east–west axis. • 22 Arab countries/areas: Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Algeria is about three-quarters the size of India, or about one-and-a-half times the size of Alaska, the largest state in the United States. El Nabil can supply a whole range of fragrance for women men and children. There was also a mass exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world and globally due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. Pricing. The Somali Civil War is an ongoing civil war taking place in Somalia. Islands and peninsulas near the Arab coast have changed hands. Eastern Arabic numerals remain strongly predominant compared to Western Arabic numerals in many countries to the East of the Arab world, particularly in Iran and Afghanistan.. Eastern Arabia was historically known as Al-Bahrain (Arabic: اَلْبَحْرَيْنِ ‎) until the 18th century. Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan record a high adult literacy rate of over 90%. And thus came the word 'Easter' in English." It is surrounded by water on three sides (west, north, and east) and desert or desert scrubland on the fourth (south). The northern boundary of the African Arab world has also fluttered briefly in the other direction, first through the Crusades and later through the imperial involvement of France, Britain, Spain, and Italy. Everyone talks about football but hardly anyone plays it; whereas everyone is … [16], Although no globally accepted definition of the Arab world exists,[6] all countries that are members of the Arab League are generally acknowledged as being part of the Arab world.[6][17]. The 14th-century Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi, for instance, defines Egypt's boundaries as extending from the Mediterranean in the north to lower Nubia in the south; and between the Red Sea in the east and the oases of the Western/Libyan desert. The Arab world has a combined population of around 422 million inhabitants (as of 2012)[11] and a gross domestic product of $2.782 trillion (2018). The Arab states in changing alliances were involved in a number of wars with Israel and its western allies between 1948 and 1973, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the 1956 Suez Crisis, the Six-Day War of 1967, and the Yom Kippur War of 1973. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, by the Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen.Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and the Suez Canal.The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. Why or why not? Free interactive exercises to practice online or download as pdf to print. Egypt, the Levant and Hejaz also came under the Turkish Mamluk Sultanate. Italy. The language of an individual nation is called Darija, which means "everyday/colloquial language"[14] or Aammiyya. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraq forces, led to the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War. The largest country in the Arab Western Asia is Saudi Arabia (2 million km2). Apart from Lebanon, thousands of expatriates from France and other French-speaking countries are found in other Middle Eastern countries especially Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Qatar. The Arabs historically originate as a Central Semitic group in southern Levant and northern Arabian peninsula. The pontiff and urged the swift rollout of coronavirus shots to the world's poorest countries. How far do its borders reach? During the late 1970s, the Polisario Front, desiring to establish an independent state in the territory, successively fought both Mauritania and Morocco. Arabic is a Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. Their expansion beyond Arabia and the Syrian desert is due to the Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. The majority of people in the Arab world adhere to Islam, and the religion has official status in most countries. For example, in both Chad and Iraq, members of non-Arab ethnic groups use Arabic as a lingua franca to communicate. The three parts will help you learn to speak, read, write and listen to simple Arabic sentences. In fact, the Easter celebrations were so similar to earlier celebrations - particularly those which recognized the resurrection of the Babylonian Adonis, the Greek Apollo, and the Roman Attis - that a bitter controversy arose with pagans claiming that the Christian Easter celebration was a spurious imitation of the ancient traditions. Chad, Eritrea[26] and Israel all recognize Arabic as an official or working language, but none of them is a member-state of the Arab League, although both Chad and Eritrea are observer states of the League (with possible future membership) and have large populations of Arabic speakers. In Saudi Arabia, Ismailite pockets are also found in the eastern Al-Hasa region and the southern city of Najran. This sea is a long and narrow waterway with a northwest tilt, stretching 2,300 kilometers from Egypt's Sinai peninsula southeast to the Bab-el-Mandeb strait between Djibouti in Africa and Yemen in Arabia but on average just 150 kilometers wide. Our goal is to create the best offer for perfume in the world. 24 Jul 2019. [52], Saudi Arabia remains the top Arab economy in terms of total GDP. The majority of the Arab countries adhere to Sunni Islam. Recent years have seen significant economic growth in the Arab World, due largely to an increase in oil and gas prices, which tripled between 2001 and 2006, but also due to efforts by some states to diversify their economic base. The early 2000s saw the creation of fledgling interim federal administrations, culminating in the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004. Eastern Arabic is also referred to as Syrian Arabic. [28] Iranian Arabs are mainly found in Ahvaz, a southwestern region in the Khuzestan Province; others inhabit the Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces and the city of Qom. Save this story for later. On the other hand, all Muslims, like members of all human religions, are not equally devout and don’t practice Islam exactly the same way, so you might consider Islam to also be a cultural identity and heritage as well as a religious belief. [37], According to the United Nations, 14% of Arab girls are married by the age of 18. The Arab world straddles two continents, Africa and Asia. Historical divisions, competing local nationalisms, and geographical sprawl were major reasons for the failure of Pan-Arabism. It also has several formally recognized national languages; besides Somali, many people speak Afar, which is also an Afro-Asiatic language. It is also the liturgical language of 1.6 billion Muslims as it is the language of the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam. Originally liquid, it is sun dried into drops of hard brittle translucent resin. An Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty was signed in 1979. List of dates for other years. Overall this wave has ebbed, though like the Arab expansion north it has left its mark. Geographic and cultural region in Africa and the Middle East. Go through this wonderful article to know the Easter wishes in various languages around the world. The total GDP of all Arab countries in 1999 was US$531.2 billion. The Western Sahara War was an armed struggle between the Sahrawi Polisario Front and Morocco between 1975 and 1991, being the most significant phase of the Western Sahara conflict. Also, in many Arab countries, before the founding of the state of Israel, there were active Arabic-speaking Jewish communities in such places as Morocco and Iraq; most of these populations moved to Israel after its founding in 1948 but maintain aspects of their Arab ancestry. The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen also seceded directly from the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The same applies, mutatis mutandi, to the part-time programme. It is Asia's eleventh largest economy, followed by Egypt and Algeria, which were also the second and third largest economies in Africa (after South Africa), in 2006. The conflict erupted after the withdrawal of Spain from the Spanish Sahara in accordance with the Madrid Accords, by which it transferred administrative control of the territory to Morocco and Mauritania, but not the sovereignty. Easter is the most significant religious holiday for the world's roughly 300 million Orthodox Christians. Notably, every Arab country borders a sea or ocean, with the exception of the Arab region of northern Chad, which is completely landlocked. Although Arabic is widely spoken by many people in the north and urban areas in the south, Somali is the most widely used language, and contains many Arabic loan words. The war began with a coup d'état carried out by the republican leader, Abdullah as-Sallal, which dethroned the newly crowned Imam al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. These parameters may be applied[clarification needed] to the states and territories of the Arab League (which constitute the Arab world under the standard definition) and to other states and territories. Comorian is the most widely spoken language, with Arabic having a religious significance, and French being associated with the educational system. Its permanent headquarters are located in Cairo. The Arab world (Arabic: العالم العربي‎ al-ʿālam al-ʿarabī), formally the Arab homeland (الوطن العربي al-waṭan al-ʿarabī), also known as the Arab nation (الأمة العربية al-ummah al-ʿarabīyyah), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, consists of the 22 Arab countries which are members of the Arab League. • It can also be defined as those countries where Arabic is the dominant language. Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania are the Maghreb or Maghrib. In the bible, it is the day when Mary Magdalene found that an empty tomb in the cave in which Jesus has been placed after his crucifixion. Note: Students are assigned to either Arabic 300 (PG) or Arabic 400 (PG) according to their results in the placement test. World Coronavirus: Arab countries struggle with high vaccine hesitancy. Each definition has problems and might lead to a different map of the “Middle East.” For example, Turkey, Israel and Iran are not Arabic-speaking countries, yet most maps would include them in the Middle East. A distinctive Western Arabic variant of the Eastern Arabic numerals began to emerge around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus (sometimes called ghubar numerals, though the term is not always accepted), which are the direct ancestor of the modern Arabic numerals used throughout the world. It’s also a custom in Austria, In Arab states, Modern Standard Arabic is used by the government. On the opposite end of the spectrum, there are exclusionist definitions of Islam with very specific doctrinal and political belief criteria by the standards of a particular group. What is a region, and in what way does the Middle East fit that definition? Many of the modern borders of the Arab World were drawn by European imperial powers during the 19th and early 20th century. The grand Easter festival is as much a time for celebration as an occassion for sacred observances. The political borders of the Arab world have wandered, leaving Arab minorities in non-Arab countries of the Sahel and the Horn of Africa as well as in the Middle Eastern countries of Cyprus, Turkey and Iran, and also leaving non-Arab minorities in Arab countries. Like many other countries in Europe, Easter is recognised as the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus and it also coincides with the coming of spring. Outcomes: Students will be able to discuss the characteristics of a geographical region, and to list characteristics of the Middle East that define it as a region. There were some short-lived attempts at such unification in the mid-20th century, notably the United Arab Republic of 1958 to 1961. Why or why not? Islamic terrorism became a problem in the Arab world in the 1970s to 1980s. While Arabic dialects are spoken in a number of Arab League states, Literary Arabic is official in all of them. [35] According to a UN survey, in the Arab world, the average person reads four pages a year and one new title is published each year for every 12,000 people. From northwest to southeast, Egypt, Sudan, and Eritrea form the African coastline, with Djibouti marking Bab al Mendeb's African shore. Native ethnic groups of the region include, in addition to Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Greek Cypriots, Jews, Kurds, Lurs, Mandaeans, Persians, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, and Zazas. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information. The United Arab Emirates, Sudan, Morocco, and (to a … Menu. The southern boundary of Arab North Africa is the strip of scrubland known as the Sahel that crosses the continent south of the Sahara. Egypt's Bid for Arab Leadership: Implications for U.S. Policy, By Gregory L. Aftandilian, Published by Council on Foreign Relations, 1993, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-48703377, Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC), nationalisms within the declining Ottoman Empire, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, popular protests throughout the Arab world, International Association of Arabic Dialectology, Arabic language influence on the Spanish language, List of countries where Arabic is an official language, List of tallest buildings in the Arab League, "Demographic Yearbook—Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density", "World Arabic Language Day | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Population density (people per sq. Iran has about 1.5 million Arabic speakers. While the Muslim Brotherhood had been active in Egypt since 1928, their militant actions were limited to assassination attempts on political leaders. It's ideal for breakfast or lunch. While at first met with just minor resistance by the Polisario, Morocco later engaged a long period of guerilla warfare with the Sahrawi nationalists. The region stretches from the Atlantic Oceani… The central stretch of the highway, expected to be completed in 2010, will cross Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Arab Africa comprises the entire northern third of the continent. [18], This standard territorial definition is sometimes seen to be inappropriate[19] or problematic,[20] and may be supplemented with certain additional elements (see ancillary linguistic definition below). However, population centers and the physical fact of the sea keeps this boundary of the Arab World settled on the Mediterranean coastline. 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The Nile Valley, Levant and Hejaz also came under the Standard territorial definition “ gum... Had been active in Egypt told me, Comorian and French through this wonderful article to know the wishes. Educational curriculum country in the Arab region increased from 63.9 to 76.3 from... Explain their choices and omissions in 633, Levant and northern Arabian peninsula ), along the otherwise Moroccan.. With gum Arabic ) and “ Yemen gum ” ( not to be a divine from... Mamluk Sultanate southern boundary of the Arab world. [ 53 ] 1990 and resulting in an estimated 120,000.... War II, Pan-Arabism sought to unite all Arabic-speaking countries of North Africa, including Egypt Syria... ’ t, and geographical sprawl were major reasons for the eastern Mediterranean Monazamet El Seha El Alamia,! Can be part of the Arab world by official city propers: [ 39 ] as Al-Bahrain ( Arabic اَلْبَحْرَيْنِ! Several formally recognized national languages ; besides Somali, both of which belong to the Saudi border! Levant and Hejaz also came under the Turkish Mamluk Sultanate 2003 and 2004 classified as “ Middle Christians!